Obstacles in Pursuing an Education Essay

Impediments in Pursuing an Education Seeking after an instruction doesn’t consistently go as easily as we wish. In today’s society numerous individuals think enjoying corporate employments, and organizations is the best way to be fruitful. Much of the time the best approach to accomplish this is for understudies to promote their instruction past only a secondary school recognition. In the Midst of perusing â€Å"A Homemade Education† composed by Author Malcolm X, I have come to understand that occasionally individuals need to make a solid effort to conquer hindrances, and mishaps. Understudies need the capacity to defeat basic hindrances, a basic factor for seeking after and training. The most well-known of impediments incorporate paying educational cost, self-restraint and even only an absence of holding information as simple as others. Paying school educational cost, for certain individuals, can be the greatest deterrent to survive .While a few people grow up into a family with wealth and acquire the entirety of their families resources, others need to make it own their own. So as to have a first class instruction, to fit into a choice society, you should have choice dollars. In spite of the fact that it is by all accounts difficult to manage without blasting through obligation, acquiring educational cost can be hard; yet reachable objective. Money related guide, understudy advances, grants and significantly more are accessible for individuals to exploit. Each limited quantity tallies! How would you eat an elephant? Each nibble in turn. Assume Money isn’t the obstruction. Here and there self-restraint for some can be an enormous factor in remaining focused on seeking after an instruction. Consider the possibility that its squandering cash that is in question. Now and again understudies get enlisted into school, get settled with their condition, and slack off. They begin tarrying and concocting motivations to put off until tomorrow what should be possible today. Remaining engaged and taught can be a colossal issue now and again. In addition to the fact that it is essential to remain concentrated, yet is critical that you remain spurred. A few people think that its difficult to hold information just as others. Its not in every case simple simply appear at class and see each moment of a talk. That is the reason it’s basic for understudies to consider and go past the limits of the homeroom to get information. Malcolm X wasnà ¢â‚¬â„¢t the most splendid bulb on the tree, yet in his very own examinations he defeated that. Malcolm needed to have the option to talk with insight, and read a book and comprehend. â€Å"I saw that the best thing I could do was get hold of a dictionary†, Malcolm composed as he mirrored his article â€Å"A Homemade Education†. Malcolm didn’t lounge around and trust that insight will come to him, he followed it. There is nothing amiss with needing progressively out of life and your vocation, thus we look to a more elevated level of training. Paying educational cost, self-control and even only an absence of holding information can obstruct seeking after a training. Not all things come easily, and that is the reason we need to figure out how to beat the regular hindrances throughout everyday life.

Recycling and Dear Fellow Friends.standing

Reusing salutation to our cherished educators, Puan Rusni and my dear individual companions. Remaining here today,I might want to convey a discourse entitled,†Recycling. † According to the Asian Development Bank,rapid development,rising individual utilization and extraordinary degrees of waste in Asia where urban areas will create on evaluated 1. 8 million tons of refuse for each day by 2025. In Malaysia alone,we produce more than 15,000 tons pf junk every day and it involves time before we come up short on space to arrange them.In managing this phenomenon,we will examine a portion of the recommendations that we all can adjust through the way toward reusing to save nature. One of the approaches to reuse is to offer old papers to the junkman who will in the end send them to the reusing focuses. By selling the old newspapers,we can win some additional cash at the cost of RM0. 03 for each kilogram of old papers. Purchasing reused paper is likewise another alternative. On the average,about 17 market estimated trees are felled to deliver a huge amount of paper or one tree is felled to create 20 reams of A4 size paper.Today,we perceive the restrictions of asset request and this is the motivation behind why reused paper is basic piece of our desire for a sound worldwide condition. We ought to likewise utilize the two sides of a piece of paper since it develops the propensity for not being wasterful while sparing our earth from further weakening. In addition,glass jugs ought to be reused. The vitality spared by reusing a glass compartment can light a 100-watt bulb for as long as four hours. Maintaining a strategic distance from the utilization of plastic items is another prescribed method to ensure our Mother Nature since plastic is non-biodegradable,it may get by up to 700 years.Apart from that,it is crucially essential for us to spare water and power however much as could reasonably be expected. We need to spare power since we are forcing quick to leave n on-renewable energy sources. The petroleum products spared by killing the water taps while brushing our teeth. By doing this we can spare the vitality used to channel cleanse and transport the water to the end clients. On the other hand,electricity can be spared by turning off the light,television,radio and fan before leaving any rooms.This is on the grounds that the essential ecological effect of power utilization is the creation of ozone harming substances which add to a worldwide temperature alteration. Hence,saving power is the key protect our Mother Nature, Another exhortation that everybody should take head of isn't to discard extra rice yet instead,make seared rice,tamarind rice,pepper rice and yogurt rice. This is on the grounds that numerous poor countries of the Third World nations are experiencing starvation and lack of healthy sustenance due to accute deficiency of food, for example, Mozumbigue and Sudun and Myannar.Lastly however not least,we can likewise utilize water for washing garments to wash our parents'cars and other non-drinking reason, for example, watering plants,washing toilets and mapping floors. As a conclusion,our planet is in an awful shape yet a great many people decide to be not interested in the impacts started by the goverment to shield to critical state of nature. Lion's share of Malaysians decide to overlook the social event storm mists and expectation the difficult will mysteriously deal with itslef.In Klang Valley,for instance,it creates beyond what 5000 tons of refuse ordinary which can cover the entire of Petronas Twin Towers,one of the tallest structures in the world,in ten days and this is the motivation behind why we should reduce,reuse and reuse. Regardless of whether the planet lives or dies,it relies upon us and so,everyone assumes a huge job by beginning to reuse even from homes on the grounds that a little change in conduct measurably affects our Earth. Much obliged to you for listening attentively. I trust every o ne of you are profited by my discourse today.

Twelfth Night Essays: Learning About Love :: Twelfth Night essays

 â In Shakespeare's Twelfth Night, it is plainly apparent that the vacillation in demeanor in the double job, circumstance and tribulations forced upon the character of Viola/Cesario offers ascend to a superior comprehension of both genders, and consequently, permits Viola to have a superior comprehension for Orsino. Through the adoration for Orsino and Olivia, Viola takes in the challenges of affection from the two stances, man and woman's. Close to the opening of the play, when Viola is receiving her male personality, she makes another self like two veils and may choose to wear either while swinging between the two characters in feeling and in character. She chooses to take on this character since she has more opportunity in the public eye in her Cesario cover, which is apparent when she is promptly acknowledged by Orsino, while, in her female personality she would not be. Along these lines, a standard job in the public eye and to the viewpoints of others is depicted. Orsino sees Cesario, as a youthful assistant simply beginning on the planet, much such as himself as a youthful, agile fellow, so he tends to be all the more ready to empty onto her his difficulties and distresses, looking for a partner with which to share and to educate. Along these lines, Viola develops in her male camouflage to improve feeling for his internal identity, not the self that he shows to general society, or would uncover and impart to Viola in her actual female self, yet rather his mystery self, as he accepts he imparts to a companion. In this way, she develops to cherish him.  In any case, Orsino's inspiration is really not love for Viola, yet rather he is by all accounts in adoration with affection itself. His whole world is loaded up with adoration however he realizes that there may be a defining moment for him, similar to when he says: If music be the food of affection, play on; give me overabundance of it, that, satiating, the hunger may sicken, thus kick the bucket (I, I, 1-3). This statement shows that he realizes that he is so up to speed in affection, that he trusts his craving for adoration may stew when he takes beyond what he can deal with.  Close to the finish of the play, when all stunts and injustices are uncovered and all veils are lifted, Orsino falls in affection with Viola. He initially excuses her of her obligation to him, the ace; at that point says that she will presently be her lord's paramour.

First Exam on Introduction to Christian Theology - 1100 Words

First Exam on Introduction to Christian Theology (Essay Sample) Content: NameProfessorCourseDateFirst ExamQuestion 1Christian value the environment and they aim at protecting it. From the beginning in the Bible, God gave the man the mandate to protect and rule the rest of the world including animals and trees. Hence, the importance of the environment to Christians originate from the creation stories. From a study conducted by Hope and Jones, the Christians believe that in Genesis 2, they were given the privilege to take care of the environment due to their understanding of nature (52). Besides, God used nature to communicate to the people in the bible. For instance, He used the mountain when discussing how the Israelites would obey his commandments by asking them to meet at Mt Sinai. Christians take care of the environments as they believe that God uses it to communicate to his people. Additionally, Christians protect the environment as they believe that God dwells in such places. They are required to imitate God since they were created in his image. From Genesis, God created and protected the environment as well as giving human beings the power to exploit and seek food from it is. Therefore, the Christians try to imitate God's work when preserving the environment for the future generations. However, according to Chopp and Taylor, most Christian dominated countries such as the USA are facing an environmental crisis which may not be the Christians fault, but it is their role to protect it (102). God requires the Christians to lead other people in the right way. Hence they should be in the forefront in protecting the ecology. Protecting the environment from modern pollution requires the efforts of Christians based on their strong faith. For instance, Hope and Jones 48, expresses how The Anglican Church is pro-environment as it follows the marks of mission that involve protecting the ecology (49). The belief in this church originates from the Genesis teachings of how Christians should protect and ensure procreation in t he earth.Question 3Violence in the modern world comes in different ways. For example, terrorism, persecution based on race, environmental catastrophe, and civil wars are common in the world. Racism based violence is the most prevalent, and the Christian perspective is based on creation stories where each and every person irrespective of color was created in the image of God. Further, Christians believe that it is wrong to judge a person based on the unchangeable features. Racism originated from the old days of slavery. Black people were viewed as less humans, and they were sold from the African countries to the western to work as slaves. Most Christian dominated areas were reluctant in having the blacks work in their farms as slaves since they viewed it as inhuman (Guess 664). Christians such as Martin Luther King led movements that liberated and gave the minority an opportunity to be free. The blacks, up to date, face discrimination in terms of the attitude of whites which can be r eferred as prejudice. Liberation theology affirms that human beings are equal before God as he is an all-loving God (Chopp and Taylor 178). Further, since childhood, Christian children are taught to sing about the love of Jesus to children regardless of their color. Another aspect common in the Christian faith against racism is the belief that Jesus died for the sins of all people despite the color differences. In Christian churches, people are expected to love and forgive each other and to avoid judging a person based on races.Question 5Postmodernism is the current period of time when defining the reality is hard. The two types of postmodernism are skeptical and affirmatives. Skeptical postmodernism is an extreme view of inexistence of reality in terms of time and theory. It considers time as oppressive to the world as it controls people. This perspective explains that theories do not give accurate information and they are not a reality as they aim at excluding the rivals (Nath 26) . Affirmative postmodernism is where people reject the theories but do not abolish them. This approach supports peace and the environment. The Christian perspective regarding these theories is that they are wrong. As the postmodernists do not believe in truth, Christians believe that the truth will always set someone free. Besides, postmodernism does not discourage same-sex association such as gays and lesbians, hence Christian view this approach as a negative perspective. According to the Bible, it is against God's law to engage in same-sex relationships. Further, postmodernism does not accept the creation stories which are the basis of Christianity. Therefore it raises the alarm to the Christians as they aim at winning more souls to Christ. The two aspects of postmodernism mean rejection of the word of God by the modern society. The Christians do not accept them as part of teaching since they believe in truth and time. They preach that with time Jesus will come for his faithful on es. Thus, it is important to accept that time is moving first and serve rightly. Moreover, the affirmative approach of postmodernism does not seem strict as the skeptical (Nath 26). It accepts the environment and peace which are crucial to Christians.Question 8 Christian believe that God is the creator of the universe and all the content. They also believe that they were mandated the duty to protect nature (Hope and Jones 52). From the first book in the Bible, God created the world in six days and made the seventh day sacred. In this view, Christian believe that God ordained the seventh day as a day to rest. They try to convince other people who do not believe in this theory of creation. The Christians have made the seventh day of every week a d...

Physics Measurement of Length Essay - 1010 Words

ARCELIA ARRATIA MEASUREMENT OF LENGTH, MASS, VOLUME, AND DENSITY PHYSICS LAB REPORT Physics is the scientific study of matter and energy and how they interact with each other. Physics utilizes the scientific formula to test hypothesis and calculate matter such as density. Tools were created to measure material in a laboratory and have been perfected to reduce error. In this experiment measurement of length, mass, volume and density will be obtained through instruments of measuring and calculations. The objects being measured will be two cylinders, one brass the other iron and a glass ball. There will be two sets of table requiring data obtained from the objects including height, diameter, volume, mass and density.†¦show more content†¦When the jaws are just touching the object, the distance between the jaws can be read to an accuracy of 10-4 (one ten-thousandth) or 10-6 (one millionth).The last measuring tool will be the a triple beam balance, it has three beams each provided with a sliding weights. These weights have different sizes , the larg est one slides along 100 g, the next on a scale with a notch every 10g,and the smallest on a scale with 1-g main divisions and 0.1-g subdivisions. Procedure 1. Measure the length of the piece of cooper wire with the metric ruler. Estimate to the nearest tenth of a millimeter . Make four independent measurements using different part of the ruler and record all the reading s. 2. Measure the length of the wire with the English ruler. Estimate both end results to the nearest tenth of the smallest scale division. Make four independent measurements, use different part of ruler and record all readings. 3. Use the Vernier Caliper to record the zero reading to 0.01 cm. Make four independent readings by closing and opening each setting and record your results. 4. Using the Vernier Caliper measure the length of the diameter of each cylinder. This is made by closing the jaws of the Caliper on the length or diameter of the cylinder being measured and reading the position where the zero line of the vernier falls on the main scale. Record the readings in centimeters and read to 0.01 cm. Make four independentShow MoreRelatedTwo Forms of the Ge neralized Uncertainty Principle1323 Words   |  6 PagesVarious theories of quantum gravity predict the existence of a minimum length scale, which leads to the modification of the standard uncertainty principle to the Generalized Uncertainty Principle (GUP). In this paper, we study two forms of the GUP and calculate their implications on the energy of the harmonic oscillator and the Hydrogen atom more accurately than previous studies. In addition, we show how the GUP modifies the Lorentz force law and the time-energy uncertainty principle. 1. IntroductionRead MoreLength Mass and Density Lab Report1623 Words   |  7 PagesDetermination of Length, Mass, and Density Table of Contents 1 – Introduction †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦........†¦. Page 3 2 – Theory †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...... Page 3 3 – Experimental Procedure and Results †¦...†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦. Page 6 4 – Discussion †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.....†¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Page 9 5 – Conclusion †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.....†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.... Page 9 6 – Bibliography †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦......†¦ Page 10 1- Introduction The purpose of this experiment is to learn how use a variety of tools that will aid in the gatheringRead MoreSupporting Empirical Law With Graphical Analysis1415 Words   |  6 Pagesempirical law that predicts the period of a simple pendulum through graphical analysis. The length of time taken for a simple pendulum to finish a period cannot be hypothesized on the laws of physics alone. 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The equations used in this experiment to determine the volumes were the volume of the cylinder: Ï€r2h; volume of the block: (length)*(width)*(height); and the volume of the sphere:Read MorePhysics : Physics And Physics910 Words   |  4 PagesEnabling Physics 1 2 - Investigative Research Assignment Question: What is the relationship between the percentage of Graphite (Carbon) in a lead pencil and the electrical resistance of the graphite in the lead pencil? Hypothesis: The prediction is that a higher concentration of Carbon in a pencil will produce a lower resistance due to Carbon being more conductive than Clay produced in lead pencils. Figure 1: Details of pencils used in the investigation. (2015). 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The Importance Of Mass Media - 1003 Words

Everyone’s comprehension is different and unique in reality. When a person receives a message from mass media, he tells the message which is from mass media to another person. These two people understand what does this message means; however, they may have different comprehension of this message. People can think about each message and analyze a message in a different way because they have their own idea. For example, when people do a survey for a film, some people may think this film is very good; some people may think it is not very good, and the other people may think it is a bad film. Hence, people can give their different or same common in the same survey. People cannot judge their idea is right or wrong. In reality, people have†¦show more content†¦As Eco says, in reality, people can accept the basic codes, but they have their own idea and understanding about a same message. People cannot totally trust mass media because of relying on mass media too much could b e dangerous. According to Mead (1929: 135) â€Å"We do so intimately identify our experiences, especially our affective experiences, with the self that it takes a moment’s abstraction to realize that pain and pleasure can be there without being the experience of the self,† this implies that people have a different understanding of a same message because everyone has different experiences. People have different experiences because of the obvious regional and cultural differences. For example, people accept different education, so their knowledge level is different. When two people, which have a different level of knowledge receives a same message from mass media, they will have different understanding of message. Hence, mess media cannot totally influence people’s decisions and outcomes. According to Pariser (2011:6) â€Å"Now you get the result that Google’s algorithm suggests is best for you in particular—andShow MoreRelatedThe Importance Of Mass Media713 Words   |  3 PagesMedia has been changing definetely since it’s inception; developing with new innovation and changing the way individuals see the world. Well before current types of media happened, individuals saw media through verbal connection and compositons like newsletters. Today, media is seen in many structures: TV, radio, cell phones, web, satellites, daily papers, and more. To comprehend broad communications totally, the concentration must move toward the real improvements in the advancement of mass mediaRead MoreImportance Of Mass Media As A Representation Of The First Amendment2774 Words   |  12 PagesImportance of mass media as a representation of the first amendment in Hillary Clinton’s current presidential campaign Hillary Diane Rodham Clinton, born in October 26, 1947 is an American attorney, politician and a member of the Democratic Party. She is the wife of the 42nd president of the United States, Bill Clinton and she served as the First Lady of the united states from 1993 to 2001.Hillary Clinton was representing New York in the United States from 2001 to 2009.In 2008 election, she was theRead MoreNeed N Importance of Mass Media in Our Daily Life1377 Words   |  6 PagesMass media has become an integral part of our lives and can not be separated from our life. Particularly for the urban people, the need for information is more important than ever. Our values and way of life in the society in this information era are strongly influenced by the mass media like newspapers, TV, radio, video, and the internet. Mass media’s influence on people’s lives is even greater and deeper than many kinds of state indoctrination or priest’s sermons from the pulpit in the church Read Mor eNeed N Importance of Mass Media in Our Daily Life1386 Words   |  6 PagesMass media has become an integral part of our lives and can not be separated from our life. Particularly for the urban people, the need for information is more important than ever. Our values and way of life in the society in this information era are strongly influenced by the mass media like newspapers, TV, radio, video, and the internet. Mass media’s influence on people’s lives is even greater and deeper than many kinds of state indoctrination or priest’s sermons from the pulpit in the church Read MoreImpact of Media on the People of Pakistan1347 Words   |  6 PagesIn the late 20th Century, mass media could be classified into eight mass media industries: books, newspapers, magazines, recordings, radio, movies, television and the internet. With the explosion of digital communication technology in the late 20th and early 21st centuries, the question of what forms of media should be c lassified as mass media has become more prominent. For example, it is controversial whether to include cell phones, video games and computer games (such as MMORPGs) in the definitionRead MoreWhat is Mass Media?917 Words   |  4 PagesWhat is Mass Media? Mass media refers to the many ways that information reaches a large group of people. 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First, The Agenda Setting Function of the Mass Media, it was first put forth by Maxwell McCombsRead MoreThe Importance of Sports to Mass Communication Essay772 Words   |  4 PagesThe Importance of Sports to Mass Communication Understanding of mass communication without attention to sport coverage is practically impossible. Through the mass media, millions and even billions of viewers, listeners and readers are brought into the experience of a great sports performance. The emotional power of sports performance enchanted by slow-motion video and musical sound track, can take you to breath away or bring tears to you eyes. There are a lot of massive spectacles like the SuperRead MoreMedia Coverage on Presidential Candidates 1194 Words   |  5 Pages Both campaign contributions and media coverage has significant power to determine the success of a presidential candidate, and each of them seems to be interconnected with each other. The media has the power of fast deliverance of information, reproducing to an audience of mass quantity, and ability to distort the candidates’ authenticity. Though it largely relies on the campaign contribution that gets the attention of the media. However, it is the media that is more important in determining theRead MoreThe Effects Of Media On Our Society Essay1007 Words   |  5 PagesInfluences of Media on our Society There is no doubt that the media influences us. To state some examples to prove this claim, try answering the questions that follow. Do you feel like attempting a stunt from a movie? Do you base your fashion on what you see the celebrities are wearing? Do you copy the hairstyle of your favorite famous personalities? Have you ever attempted to walk model-like in an attempt to imitate those ramp models in fashion shows? If you answered yes to any of these questions

A modified version of a Stroop experiment using colour-associated and colour neutral words free essay sample

Abstract: This experiment investigated the Stroop effect comparing response times between naming colour ink printed in colour-associated words and colour neutral words. Previous research of two-process theories which support Stroops studies [cited in Edgar:2007] found that automatic processes can interfere with controlled processes. To test this interference further, colour-associated words were employed. Results of this experiment show a statistically significant difference in condition response times, with naming the colour ink printed in colour-associated words taking longer than those in colour neutral words, providing further support for the stroop effect and two-process theories. Introduction: The environment produces a wealth of sensory information our senses can potentially pick up and process and yet only some of it is processed, the rest ignored. This cognitive selection process is known as attention. With attentional processes seemingly needed, this would indicate the brain has limited resources to process all sensory information. A study of Change blindness by Simons and Levin [cited in Edgar:2007] indicates that it is generalities and not specifics which are processed. This raises questions as to why this would be the case. Kahneman [cited in Edgar:2007] proposed a theory that a part of the brain, a limited-capacity central processor, has the job of evaluating bottom-up information and combining this with top-down information. Because it has limited capacity, much of the sensory information will not be processed. However, this explanation of limited resources does not account for the brains ability to do more than one task at a time, for example, listening to music while driving a car. This question was investigated using dual-task studies. Posner and Boies [cited in Edgar:2007] dual-task study, a visual and auditory task performed simultaneously, had results indicating when visual and auditory stimuli presented together, response times were slower than when singularly, supporting Kahnemans theory. However, Mcleods [cited in Edgar:2007] modified study, altered the auditory response from a button press to saying bip, found no slowing of response times. The implication being that there is no one single processor, but as Navon and Gopher, 1979; Wickens, 1992 [cited in Edgar:2007] suggest, there are multiple-resource theories of attention. However, theory consensus is the brain can cope with finite sensory information, thus filtering out incoming information. Posner [cited in Edgar:2007] posited this filtering as an attentional spotlight which gives processing priority to only what is within the visual field. Eriksen and Murphy [cited in Edgar:2007] expanded this, suggesting a zoom lens which the brain has control over, known as selective attention. There is also as Treisman [cited in Edgar:2007] discovered, situational meaning which can focus attention, for example, hearing ones name from a conversation across a room at a party. Attentional spotlight focuses can also be involuntary or automatic, for example, a sudden loud noise leading attention away from where it was, referred as stimulus-induced shifts of attention. This process is supported by studies from Schneider and Shiffrin [cited in Edgar:2007] suggesting an automatic process, which uses no processing resources. Given limited resources, this process frees attention for other things. These notions initiated two-process theories, suggesting controlled and automatic processes working simultaneously and efficiently, with stability circumstance dependent. However, automatic processes have downsides, as an occurrence known as the Stroop effect shows. One example of a Stroop experiment, is a list of colour printed words, where one condition contains colour words printed in different colours, the stroop condition, and the other condition has colour neutral words printed in the same colours. Participants are required to say the colour each word is printed in as quickly as possible. The Stroop condition has significant response interference naming the colour over the neutral word condition. This raises questions. Reading is the automatic process, naming the colour is the controlled, but on that basis both conditions are the same. Perhaps there is interference from colour words and the colour of the ink sharing similar meanings. This experiment will explore this interference further by modifying the Stroop condition, using colour-associated words instead of colour words to discover whether this produces a similar response result between Stroop and neutral conditions. The research hypothesis was that saying the colour ink printed in colour-associated words condition would take longer than in the colour neutral condition. The null hypothesis was that it would not take longer to say the colour in colour-associated words. Method: Design – A within-participants design was used. The independent variable was naming the colour of the ink words are printed in, which incorporated two conditions, in both of which the participants had to speak aloud the colour of the ink from printed words. In condition one, the words were colour-associated and in condition two, the words were colour-neutral. The dependent variable was the time it took for the participant to complete each condition and was measured by the researcher with a stop watch to the nearest second. To control any confounding variables, participants took part individually and all read the exact same instructions (Appendix1). The same number of words and their length were the same in both conditions. The same colour shades and the order they were used, as well as how many times each word was presented, to negate practice effects, was equal in both conditions. The order of the conditions was alternated consecutively, participant one starting with condition one and then participant two starting with condition two and so on, again to negate any practice effects. Participants Twenty participants, all English speaking and non colour-blind, eight of whom were men and twelve women, either fellow students at The Open University or friends and family, were asked to take part, all agreeing to volunteer. Their ages ranged from 18 to 69 years. Materials To record the participants response times, for completing each condition, accurate to the nearest second, a stop watch was used. The stimuli for both conditions contained a list of six words, with condition twos being matched in length and the first letter . Condition one contained six colour-associated words and condition two contained six colour neutral words. Each word in both conditions was displayed five times in a matched randomised order within two columns on A4 paper. All words were printed in one of six colours, which were matched randomised. An example of the both conditions stimuli is provided in Appendix 2. Consent forms were completed by each participant (Appendix 3) and each were given the same instructions, which included an example, (Appendix 1). A data sheet was used to record participants age, sex and response times (Appendix 4). SPSS software was used to acquire the statistical results. Procedure Participants were approached individually and asked whether they would volunteer to take part in a solo cognitive psychology experiment which should last for about five minutes. The researcher then briefed the participant about the research topic being studied and why this particular experiment, answering any questions posed and mentioning there would a debrief upon completing the experiment. Participants agreeing to take part, were informed their data would be anonymous and that they could withdraw at anytime. Upon this they signed a consent form. Then the participants age and sex were entered onto the data sheet, for demographic purposes only. The participant was then told they would be presented with a sheet of paper for each condition, with two columns of words and to say aloud, as quickly as they could, the colour of the ink each word was printed in, beginning with the top of the left hand column. An example was shown to illustrate the experiment and ensure the participant fully understood what was required for them to do. For the verbatim instructions in full, please see (Appendix 1). Once the participant was content, the sheet labelled Condition 1 was placed face down in front of the participant. Upon the participant being told to turn the sheet over and begin, the researcher started the stop watch. As soon the participant completed Condition 1, the stop watch was stopped and the time to the nearest second was recorded on the data sheet. The process was repeated exactly the same way for Condition 2. Once both conditions had been completed, the researcher thanked the participant for their time and then debriefed them as to the nature and objective of the experiment and answered any questions the participant may have had. Finally the participant was informed once again that their data would be used anonymously and that if they had any concerns at a later date, their data could be withdrawn. Results: The research hypothesis was that saying the colour ink printed in colour-associated words condition would take longer than in the colour neutral condition. Each condition was measured for the time taken to complete saying the colour of ink printed in each word, to the nearest second. Table 1 – Mean and standard deviation for response time in seconds Mean Std. deviation Condition 1 (colour-associated words) 25. 1 6. 46 Condition 2 (colour neutral words) 21. 55 5. 4 As Table 1 shows, there is a significant difference in the mean response times for both conditions, with the mean response time for the colour-associated words condition being 3. 55 seconds longer than the colour neutral condition. A paired samples t-test was carried out and the analysis shows a statistically significant difference between the conditions, however, effect size is small, (t (19) = 4. 173; p = 0. 0005; d = 0. 254). With this result the null hypothesis was rejected. Discussion: The results of this experiment show that, on average, participants took longer naming the colour, a list of colour-associated words were printed in, than when naming the colour of a list of colour neutral words. Suggesting the controlled process of naming the colour ink of colour-associated words, had interference from two automatic attentional processes, that of reading and association of colour. These results echo Stroops experiment and findings [cited in Edgar:2007] with an automatic process interfering with a controlled process, supporting Schneider and Shiffrin [cited in Edgar:2007] and two-process theories, where the balance between controlled and automatic processes is situational dependent. This situational balance leads to the modification of this experiment, using colour-associated words instead of colour words. The participant has the automatic process of reading, interfering with the controlled process of naming the colour of the ink, but then the meaning of the word, possibly, shifts attention, effecting participant response times, similarly to Treisman [cited in Edgar:2007] findings. A possible confounding variable which could have had an affect on participants response times is if any participants had had prior knowledge of the Stroop effect, thus employing a strategy to control the automatic response as Gopher [cited in Edgar:2007] suggests that attentional control, like any skill, can be learnt and altered for a situation and or practice effects if having taken part in a prior Stroop experiment. This may be why some of the participants had almost matched response times to both conditions, see Appendix 4. A solution to this would be to ask the participant whether they have taken part in a previous experiment and exclude them if they have. Another possible confounding variable is time of day for conducting the experiment, so standardising this would be a solution. Further studies could look at possible ways of strengthening the experiment results by increasing the number of words in the list. Another would be to add time penalties or ask the participant to correct themselves if they make a mistake when naming the colour inks. It may be of interest to find out if age has any effect on response times. This could be done by comparing age groups. A further interesting aspect would be to conduct an experiment in which colour-associated word list response times are compared against colour word list response times, to find out whether colour-associated words have a stronger effect on participant response times than colour words. To conclude, the results of this experiment support both the Stroop effect and that of two-process theories of controlled and automatic processes working simultaneously, but are situational dependent. Further research could investigate whether there is a difference in response times between colour-associated words and colour words. Word count: 1986 References: Edgar, G. (2007) Evolutionary Psychology. In D. Miell, A. Phoenix, K. Thomas (Eds. ), Mapping Psychology (2nd ed. , pp. 43-95). Milton Keynes: The Open University. The Course Team, (2007) Introduction to research methods. In The Research Team, Exploring Psychological Research Methods (pp. 1-42). Milton Keynes: The Open University. Appendices: Appendix 1: Instructions Appendix 2: Word lists with colour-associated and colour neutral words Appendix 3: Consent form Appendix 4: Data sheet with response times Appendix 5: SPSS print-out of the t-test Appendix 1: Instructions In a moment I will place a sheet of A4 paper in front of you that contains two columns of words. You will notice that the words are written in six different colours of ink – red, blue, green, yellow, orange and purple. What I would like you to do is to say out loud the colour of the ink each word is written in. Start with the word at the top of the left column and work downwards. When you have finished all the words in the left column, start on the right column. Remember, I do not want you to read the word itself out to me, instead I want you to state what colour of ink it has been written in. You should work through the list as quickly as you can. To help you, here are two examples: CHAIR For the item above you would respond blue. HOUSE For the item above you would respond red. Do you understand what you are required to do? (if yes, then proceed to task. If no, go through the examples again. ) Appendix 2: Word lists with colour-associated and colour neutral words Condition 1 SKY PLUM PLUM BLOOD LEMON LEMON GRASS GRASS CARROT BLOOD BLOOD SKY PLUM CARROT CARROT LEMON SKY PLUM GRASS GRASS BLOOD CARROT LEMON SKY CARROT BLOOD GRASS LEMON SKY PLUM Condition 2 STY PLAN PLAN BLAME LEDGE LEDGE GRADE GRADE CAREER BLAME BLAME STY PLAN CAREER CAREER LEDGE STY PLAN GRADE GRADE BLAME CAREER LEDGE STY CAREER BLAME GRADE LEDGE STY PLAN Appendix 3: Consent form Consent to participate I have been asked to participate in an experiment that investigates one aspect of cognitive psychology and give my free consent by signing this form. I have been informed about the research and why it is taking place. I understand that my participation in this research is voluntary. I understand that I can withdraw from the research at any time. I understand that my data will be anonymous. I understand that I will be provided with a debrief after taking part in the experiment. Signature _______________________________ Date ____________________________________ Appendix 4: Data sheet with response times Participant number Age (years) Sex (male/female) Condition 1 (colour-associated words) time (seconds) Condition 2 (neutral words) time (seconds) 1 48 male 16 14 2 43 male 31 26 3 38 female 24 18 4 31 male 14 14 5 18 female 19 15 6 47 female 30 23 7 39 male 20 14 8 22 male 22 24 9 37 female 30 19 10 42 female 18 22 11 55 female 22 23 12 68 male 39 35 13 20 female 29 20 14 69 male 31 25 15 39 female 31 28 16 42 female 30 27 17 36 female 20 17 18 19 male 25 22 19 25 female 21 22 20 38 female 30 23 Appendix 5: SPSS print-out of the t-test Paired Samples Test Paired Differences t df Sig. (2-tailed) Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error Mean 95% Confidence Interval of the Difference Lower Upper Pair 1 colour-associated words neutral words 3. 550 3. 804 .851 1. 770 5. 330 4. 173 19 .001